Development Challenges and Future Prospects of Public Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in Indonesia

Abstract

The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in Indonesia has progressed markedly; nevertheless, public charging infrastructure (SPKLU) remains severely inadequate, with merely 1,081 units installed by end of 2023 against a national target of 32,000 units by 2030. This study presents a quantitative framework for assessing SPKLU development challenges and deployment priorities in Indonesia, integrating market analysis, battery technology evaluation, consumer preference quantification, and spatial optimization. EV market data from January 2026 — totaling 14,908 sales across BEV, HEV, and PHEV segments — were analyzed alongside provincial SPKLU service ratios and battery chemistry efficiency comparisons between lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) technologies. Consumer preferences were quantified through a field survey of 107 respondents using factor analysis, while multi-criteria site selection was conducted via the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for Probolinggo City as a case study. Inter-city SPKLU routing for East Java was optimized using dynamic programming with a 250 km range constraint. Results indicate that BEV sales grew 400% year-over-year, intensifying infrastructure demand; LFP batteries demonstrate superior efficiency at 11.12 km/kWh versus 7.40 km/kWh for NMC; and Sukabumi Gas Station scored highest (4.52) among four candidate locations. The optimal Trans-Java corridor spans six cities across 520 km. The integrated framework offers a replicable methodology for SPKLU infrastructure planning in emerging economies.